Miniaturized wide-band baluns for RF applications

ABSTRACT

A wide-band balun device includes a first metallization deposited over a substrate and oriented in a first coil. The first coil extends horizontally across the substrate while maintaining a substantially flat vertical profile. A second metallization is deposited over the substrate and oriented in a second coil. The second coil is magnetically coupled to the first coil and a portion of the second coil oriented interiorly of the first coil. A third metallization is deposited over the substrate and oriented in a third coil. The third coil is magnetically coupled to the first and second coils. A first portion of the third coil is oriented interiorly of the second coil. The third coil has a balanced port connected to the third coil between second and third portions of the third coil.

CLAIM TO DOMESTIC PRIORITY

The present application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/760,207, filed Jun. 8, 2007, and claims priority to the foregoing parent application pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §120.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates in general to electronic devices and, more particularly, to compact balun structures used in wide-band radio frequency (RF) applications.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Electrical components, such as inductors, capacitors, computer chips, and the like, are increasingly in demand for a broad range of applications. Along with the increased overall need for these components, there is a drive to make the components more miniaturized in size and footprint. Smaller electrical components carry through to smaller electrical devices, such as telephones and portable music player devices.

Electrical devices known as baluns are typically used to convert unbalanced electrical signals to balanced signals. A balun that operates in a low frequency band and is used to connect a balanced transmission line to an unbalanced line generally consists of a concentrated constant component such as a transformer, whereas a balun that operates in a high-frequency microwave band consists of a distributed constant component. Baluns known in the art consist of a distributed constant component, including a quarter-wavelength matching element, or include transformers having a size determined according to usable wavelengths.

Because baluns incorporating a distributed line topology necessarily include the requirement of the length of the respective “line” to be in the order of one-fourth of the wavelength at the operating frequency, line length requirements limit low frequency applications. Transformer characteristics also limit allowable frequencies. As a result, a major disadvantage to conventional balun designs is that respective frequency bands are fundamentally narrow.

A need exists for a balun device that realizes a compact design yet is usable in a wide band of frequency applications. The design would benefit from compatibility with existing semiconductor technologies that allow for integration of electrical components in semiconductor devices.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, in one embodiment, the present invention is a wide-band balun device comprising a first coil formed over a substrate in a wound configuration extending horizontally across the substrate while maintaining a substantially flat vertical profile. A second coil is formed over the substrate in a wound configuration adjacent to the first coil. The second coil is magnetically coupled to the first coil. A third coil is formed over the substrate in a wound configuration adjacent to the second coil. The third coil is magnetically coupled to the second coil. The first, second, and third coils are organized over the substrate as a group of two coil structures.

In another embodiment, the present invention is a balun device comprising a first coil formed over a substrate in a wound configuration extending horizontally across the substrate. A second coil is formed over the substrate in a wound configuration adjacent to the first coil. The second coil is magnetically coupled to the first coil. The first and second coils are organized over the substrate as a group of two coil structures.

In another embodiment, the present invention is a balun for a semiconductor device comprising a first metallization formed over a substrate and patterned as a first coil extending horizontally across the substrate. A second metallization is formed over the substrate and patterned as a second coil adjacent to the first coil. The second metallization is magnetically coupled to the first metallization. The first and second metallizations are organized over the substrate as a group of two coil structures.

In another embodiment, the present invention is a method of manufacturing a balun comprising the steps of forming a first metallization over a substrate patterned as a first coil extending horizontally across the substrate, and forming a second metallization over the substrate patterned as a second coil adjacent to the first coil. The second metallization is magnetically coupled to the first metallization. The first and second metallizations are organized over the substrate as a group of two coil structures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary balun implementation;

FIG. 2A illustrates an exemplary prior art balun design incorporating a distributed constant component;

FIG. 2B illustrates a schematic diagram of an additional exemplary prior art balun implementation incorporating a capacitor device shunted to ground;

FIG. 2C illustrates a schematic diagram of an additional exemplary prior art balun implementation incorporating loading capacitor devices;

FIG. 2D illustrates an additional exemplary prior art implementation of a prior art balun design incorporating a distributed constant component;

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary coil structure;

FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic of an exemplary balun device incorporating a series of coil structures;

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary layout of a balun device incorporating a series of coil structures and a plurality of capacitor devices deposited over a substrate;

FIG. 6 illustrates the layout depicted in FIG. 5 in a three-dimensional view;

FIG. 7A illustrates an exemplary balun device incorporating a set of two-coils;

FIG. 7B illustrates a second exemplary balun device incorporating a set of three-coils;

FIG. 7C illustrates an electromagnetic response (EM) of a balun device incorporating a set of two-coils, and incorporating a set of three coils, respectively to show a difference in insertion loss between the balun devices;

FIG. 8 illustrates an electromagnetic response of the balun device incorporating a set of two-coils, and incorporating a set of three coils, respectively, to show a difference in amplitude imbalance between the balun devices;

FIG. 9 illustrates an electromagnetic response of the balun device incorporating a set of two-coils, and incorporating a set of three coils, respectively to show a difference in phase imbalance between the balun devices;

FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate an exemplary coil structure, including exemplary dimensions;

FIG. 11 illustrates an additional exemplary layout of a balun device, where a plurality of metallizations is integrated into a single coil structure;

FIG. 12A illustrates an additional exemplary layout of a balun device including a plurality of magnetically coupled layers which can be integrated using PCB or LTCC processes into a semiconductor device; and

FIG. 12B illustrates an additional view of the layered embodiment depicted in FIG. 12A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention is described in one or more embodiments in the following description with reference to the Figures, in which like numerals represent the same or similar elements. While the invention is described in terms of the best mode for achieving the invention's objectives, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that it is intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents as supported by the following disclosure and drawings.

Turning to FIG. 1, an exemplary balun implementation 10 for a wireless device is depicted. The device includes an integrated circuit (IC) having a low noise amplifier (LNA) 14 associated with a receiver portion of the device. LNA 14 is coupled to matching circuits 16 and 18 for the respective legs of the LNA 14. Matching circuits 16 and 18 are coupled to balun device 20 as shown. Balun device 20 serves to convert an unbalanced input to a balanced output, as previously described. Balun 20 is coupled to diplexer/switching device 22 to route input/output (I/O) signals through a filter device 24, and finally, to an antenna 26.

Similarly, incorporated into the transmitting portion of the device is a power amplifier (PA) device 28, which is also connected to a matching circuit 30 and 32 for each respective leg. The matching circuits 30 and 32 are connected to balun 34. Again, balun 34 is coupled to diplexer/switcher 22, which is coupled through filter device 24 to antenna 26.

FIG. 2A illustrates an exemplary shunt transmission line balun device 36. The balun device 36 is a three port device. An input 38, is connected to a length of transmission “line” 40, and a second length of transmission line 42, ending with an open circuit. Lines 46 and 48 are coupled to ground 50 as shown, and coupled to output ports 52 and 54. Device 36 illustrates the conventional use of distributed constant components, including quarter-wavelength matching elements (i.e., lines 40 and 42). As previously described, the use of quarter-wavelength elements have accompanying limitations in lower frequency applications due to the physical constraints of the device requiring greater line lengths.

Turning to FIG. 2B, an additional exemplary schematic 56 of a balun implementation 56 is shown in a so-called “transformer” implementation. Balun 56 includes an input port 58. A shunting capacitor 62 is coupled between ground 64 and node 60. A series capacitor is coupled between node 60 and a primary inductor coil 68 which is coupled to ground 70. Secondary inductor coil 72 is coupled to ground 74 at a center tap. An impedance load (denoted Zbal) 76, such as a LNA 76, a PA 76, or a similar active device 76 is connected across the secondary transformer 72.

Similarly, in FIG. 2C, an additional exemplary schematic 78 of a balun implementation 78 is shown in a structure similar to the implementation 56 shown in FIG. 2B. Balun 78 again includes an input port 80 connected to a series capacitor 82. Capacitor 82 is coupled to a primary inductor coil 84 which is coupled to ground 86. The secondary inductor coil 88 is again coupled to ground 90 at a center tap. Loading capacitors 92 and 94 are coupled to each output of the secondary inductor coil 88, the capacitors 92 and 94 coupled in parallel with the secondary winding 88. Output terminals of capacitors 92 and 94 are coupled to ground 96 through node 98. Finally, an impedance load 100 (again, such as a LNA 100, PA 100, or another similar active device 100) is placed in parallel with winding 88, and capacitors 92 and 94 as shown.

FIG. 2D illustrates an additional balun design 102 utilizing distributed components in a design similar to balun 36 shown in FIG. 2A. Balun 102 includes a series of three sets of distributed line components which are coupled together as shown. An input 104 includes an unbalanced port, coupled to distributed lines components 106 and 108. Components 106 and 108 are coupled to components 110 and 112, which are each coupled to ground 114 and 116 as shown. Components 118 and 120 are coupled to ground 122 as shown at a first end. A second end of each component 118 and 120 are coupled to terminals 124 and 126 of the balanced port.

As previously mentioned, transformer balun implementations such as balun 56 and balun 78 in the prior art make wide-band implementations unpractical due to physical characteristics of the transformer component. In light of the prior art, balun implementations can achieve limited wide-band functionality but at a cost of having a large size. Conversely, balun implementations can achieve a compact design and footprint, but at a cost of drastically limited bandwidth.

As the exemplary implementation 10 in FIG. 1 indicates, a balun 20, or balun 34 can be constructed according to the present invention, to be used in wide-band radio frequency (RF) applications such as implementation 10. The baluns 20 and 34 can be used in RF applications having a wide range of bandwidth (e.g., bandwidths of 800 MHz to 6 GHz), in contrast to the prior art. In one embodiment of the present invention, baluns 20 and 34 can be used in other, customer-requested wide-band applications having bandwidths ranging from 800 MHz to 2100 MHz. In further embodiments, ultra-wideband baluns (UWBs) can be constructed.

In addition to having wide-band frequency characteristics, a balun device 20 can be constructed, again according to the present invention, with an accompanying compact size and footprint.

A series of coil structures can be used for designs of integrated passive devices (IPD), including those of baluns 20 and 34, that use silicon and semiconductor technologies as will be described. Individual coil structures can be combined into a series of integrated coil structures. A series of coil structures can include three, four or more single coil structures, although three single coil structure designs can be preferable in some cases for balun implementations as will be shown. The integrated coil structures form spiral inductor devices which are magnetically coupled together. Beyond the inductive property from a single coil structure, a series of integrated coil structures has an associated mutual inductance which helps to realize a more compact design. In addition, the coil structures are efficient and cost-effective to manufacture.

Turning to FIG. 3, a conceptual diagram of a plurality of coil structures 128 is shown. Three-coil structures are depicted, but again, four, five, or more coil structures can be realized in any given implementation. Coil structures 84, 86, and 88 are formed by depositing metal tube-like structures over a substrate such as silicon or a similar material.

The metal tube-like structures, or “tubes” can be arranged in the round shape as shown. Additionally, the tubes can be configured in other geometrical patterns, such as an octagonal geometrical design, to suit a particular need. The tube structures can have a square, round, or rectangular cross section. In one embodiment, the tube structures are comprised of a copper (Cu) or copper alloy metal material, although additional metals and metal alloy materials can be utilized as required. The tubes can be deposited in a metallization process; accordingly, the tube structures can also be referred to as “metallizations.” The coil structures 128 are magnetically coupled to each other. In general, the more bandwidth required for a particular application, the more coil structures 128 can be utilized.

Coils 130, 132, and 134 include respective ends 142, 144, and 146 which can be adapted to provide an electrode-like function. Ends 142, 144, and 146 can be positioned as shown.

Turning to FIG. 4, a schematic diagram of a balun device 150 incorporating a plurality of coil structures is depicted. The device 150 consists of four (4) capacitors and three (3) compact coil structures. A first capacitor (C1) is coupled between an input terminal 152 constituting an unbalanced port 152 and an output terminal 155. A shunt capacitor (C2) 156 is shunted between the terminal 155 and ground 158. A first coil is divided into two portions 160 and 161 as shown. Portion 161 is coupled to ground 162. A second coil having portions 164 and 165 is magnetically coupled to the first coil having portions 160 and 161. Portions 164 and 165 terminate at an open circuit. A center tap between the portions 164 and 165 couples the portions 164 and 165 to ground 168.

A third capacitor (C3) 178 is coupled in parallel with portion 170 of the third coil and ground 182. The third coil is broken into two physically separated portions 170 and 172 as shown. Portion 172 terminates at node 176, where a first terminal 186 is coupled. Similarly, portion 170 terminates at node 174, where a second terminal 188 is coupled. Terminals 186 and 188 collectively form a balanced port 186 and 188 for the balun device 150.

In one embodiment, the capacitance of C1 is 4.0 picofarads (pF), while the capacitance of C2 is 1.2 picofarads (pF), and the capacitances of C3 and C4 are 2.6 picofarads (pF). As one skilled in the art would anticipate, however, the various capacitances of the depicted capacitors can be adjusted in any respect to suit a particular application and provide an appropriate electrical response.

Three coupled coils are used to construct a wide-band balun, according to one embodiment of the present invention. Four matching capacitors C1, C2, C3, and C4 are used in the present example to compensate for parasitic capacitance from the physical layouts of the device 150. The respective inductance of the coils and the capacitance of the matching elements can be optimized, based on respective pass-band electrical requirements.

FIG. 5 illustrates a balun device 150 incorporating an embodiment of the coil structure of the present invention in a layout view. The various subcomponents depicted share the appropriate figure numbers from FIG. 4, including an unbalanced port 152, capacitor 154, capacitor 156, ground 158 and 162, portion 164, portion 165, center tap 166, ground 168, portion 170, portion 172, capacitor 178, capacitor 180, and balanced port 186 and 188. A portion of second coil portion 165 is disposed interiorly of third coil portion 172 as shown. Similarly, a portion of first coil portion 161 is disposed interiorly to portions 165 and 172. Again, the coil portions 160, 164, and 170, as well as portions 161, 165, and 172, are magnetically coupled.

Coil portions 160, 164, 170, 161, 165, and 172, as well as the various capacitors, leads, and ground structures are deposited over and extend horizontally across a substrate, while maintaining a substantially flat vertical profile. The exemplary device 150 illustrated in FIG. 5 is a wide-band balun device 150 operating at 1.5 GHz-2.2 GHz band, in one embodiment. In another embodiment, the size of the device 150 is approximately 1.6 mm in width×1.0 mm in length×0.25 mm in height, forming a small footprint and height. The use of round coil portions 160, 164, etc., is used in the present example. A device 150 having the physical size characteristics described constitutes a much smaller device than conventional balun implementations as described in the prior art.

FIG. 6 illustrates the layout shown in FIG. 5 in a three-dimensional view. Here again, the respective figure numbers from FIGS. 4 and 5 are shown. Unbalanced port 152, connecting leads to the various capacitors (e.g., capacitor 180), and unbalanced port with incorporated terminals 186 and 188, are deposited over the substrate 192. Coil portions 160, 164, 170, 161, 165, 172, grounds 168, 162, 168, and the various capacitor structures are deposited over the port terminals 162, 186, and 188 and connecting leads. Coil portions 160, 164, 170, 161, 165, and 172 extend horizontally across substrate 192 as shown. Here again, two groups of three coupled coils are used. A series of wire bonding pads is added for interconnection purposes.

As previously described, coil portions 160, 164, 170, 161, 165, and 172 can form an inductive device which is consistent with other so-called “integrated passive devices” (IPD). A wide variety of the passive devices such as a balun device consistent with the present invention, but also including resistors, capacitors, inductor or filter devices, transceivers, receivers, and other interconnects are placed on a substrate such as substrate 192. The substrate 192 can include silicon, glass, laminate, or ceramic materials.

Integration of a balun device 150 using passive components deposited over a substrate 192 as described results in a high performance system level solution, which provides a significant reduction in die size, weight, number of interconnections and system board space requirements, and can be used for many applications.

A wide variety of balun designs can be constructed which include coil portions 160, 164, 170, 161, 165, and 172 to suit particular applications. The balun designs can be based on differing technologies, including silicon, printed circuit board (PCB) (laminate) or low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) technologies. Again, as a result, substrate 192 can include materials such as silicon or silicon-like materials, laminate materials, glass and ceramic materials.

Coil portions 160, 164, 170, 161, 165, and 172, as well as the overall balun device 150 and accompanying subcomponentry, can be constructed using materials, techniques, and manufacturing equipment known in the art, including various thin-film deposition methods and techniques and incorporating the use of known manufacturing tools and equipment.

Turning to FIG. 7A, a conceptual illustration of a balun device 196 is depicted. Device 196 includes a set of two coils 199 and 201 which are organized into a group of two-coil structures 198 and 200 as shown. In comparison, FIG. 7B illustrates a conceptual depiction of a balun device 202 having three coils 203, 205, and 207 which are also organized into a group of two-coil structures 204 and 206. For the instant discussion, the balun device 196 is referred to as a “two-coil” balun 196 due to the use of two coils 199 and 201 organized into the groups 198 and 200 shown. Balun device 202 is referred to as a “three-coil” balun 202 due to the use of three coils 203, 205, and 207, also organized into the two groups 204 and 206 as shown.

An exemplary electromagnetic (EM) response curve which compares the two and three-coil balun devices 196 and 202, respectively, is shown in FIG. 7C. For the present figure, an insertion loss characteristic 208 is compared between the two devices 196 and 202 across a specified range of frequencies 212. Frequencies 212 are measured and denoted in gigahertz, ranging from zero (0) to twelve (12) gigahertz. The difference in insertion loss 210 is expressed as a percentage and denoted along the Y-axis. Insertion loss is shown for device 196 as line 214. Similarly, loss is shown for device 202 as line 216. Various measurements 218 (m3), 220 (m6), 222 (m7), and 224 (m9) confirm that the difference in insertion loss between devices 196 and 202 is minimal (e.g., 1.5-1.7 percent).

FIG. 8 illustrates a second exemplary EM response curve which compares amplitude imbalance 226 of the two devices 196 and 202 across a specified frequency range 230 (again denoted in GHz from 1.5 to 3.0 GHz) to illustrate a specific pass band range for a particular application. The two-coil balun device 196 is represented by line 232; the three-coil balun device is represented by line 234. Relative amplitude 228 is displayed along the Y-axis in dB. Here again, various measurements 236 (m10), 238 (m11), (m12), and (m13) are taken across the denoted frequency range 230. The imbalance of the two-coil balun device 196 exhibits markedly uneven amplitude, starting with approximately 1.30 dB at 1.5 GHz, which tapers but then increases. Conversely, the imbalance of the three-coil balun device 202 is markedly less, beginning with 0.067 dB at 1.5 GHz and continuing along a relatively linear path to 0.327 dB at 2.2 GHz. The respective amplitude imbalance for the three-coil balun 202 is generally less than 0.35 dB. Conversely, the amplitude imbalance for the two-coil balun 196 is greater than 1.35 dB. As a result, the three-coil balun device 202 exhibits wider bandwidth functionality and better amplitude balancing properties.

FIG. 9 illustrates a third exemplary EM response curve which compares phase imbalance properties 244 of the two devices 196 and 202 across a specified pass band range 248 (1.5 GHz to 2.2 GHz). Phase imbalance 246 is measured in degrees and is shown along the Y-axis. Various measurements 254 (m1), 256 (m2), 258 (m4), and 260 (m5) are denoted. As one skilled in the art will realize, a balun device such as balun device 202 should ideally exhibit a phase differential of 180 degrees from unbalanced port to balanced port.

As shown, the phase imbalance of the two-coil balun device 196 is perceptively much greater than the three-coil balun device 202. For the two-coil device 196, phase imbalance is approximately 11 degrees across the pass band range shown. Conversely, the three-coil device 202 has a respective phase imbalance of approximately 2.5 degrees across the pass band range. As a result, the three-coil device 202 exhibits markedly better phase imbalance properties.

FIGS. 10A and 10B further illustrate the coil structures 128 in a three-dimensional view. Again, coils 130, 132, and 134, having electrodes 142, 144, and 146. FIG. 10B illustrates various dimensional aspects 262 of coil structure 130, including height (H) 263, width (W) 268, coil spacing (S) 264, and inner opening diameter (d) 266.

When an electromagnetic wave interacts with a conductive material, mobile charges within the material are made to oscillate back and forth with the same frequency as the impinging fields. The movement of these charges, usually electrons, constitutes an alternating electric current, the magnitude of which is greatest at the conductor's surface. The decline in current density versus depth is known as the “skin effect.”

So-called “skin depth” is a measure of the distance over which the current falls to 1/e of its original value. A gradual change in phase accompanies the change in magnitude, so that, at a given time and at appropriate depths, the current can be flowing in the opposite direction to that at the surface.

The skin depth is a property of the material that varies with the frequency of the applied wave. A respective skin depth can be calculated from the relative permittivity and conductivity of the material and frequency of the wave. First, the material's complex permittivity, ε_(c) is found such that

$\begin{matrix} {ɛ_{c} = {ɛ\left( {1 - {j\frac{\sigma}{\omega ɛ}}} \right)}} & (1) \end{matrix}$ where:

-   -   ε=permittivity of the material of propagation,     -   ω=angular frequency of the wave, and     -   σ=electrical conductivity of the material of propagation.

In one embodiment, to overcome the skin effect and minimize metal loss, a respective thickness of the coil structures 130, 132, and 134 is maintained to be larger than the respective skin depth.

Again, in one embodiment, copper (Cu) is utilized as a metal material for coil 130. A thickness of eight (8) micrometers exceeds the skin depth for copper (taking into account the electrical conductivity of the copper metal). A thickness greater than five (5) micrometers is recommended, with, again, a preferable thickness of eight (8) micrometers.

The total length of coil 130 is related to the operating frequency of coil 130. In one embodiment, the coil width 268 is twenty (20) micrometers. The coil height 263 is also eight (8) micrometers. The coil spacing 264 is seventy (70) micrometers. The number of turns (T) is two (2). The inner opening diameter 266 is 220 micrometers. Total area is approximately 0.65×0.65=0.42 mm². The estimated inductance for the coil 130 is estimated to be approximately 2.0 nanohenrys (nH) at operating frequency 2.2 gigahertz (GHz).

Again, as one skilled in the art would anticipate, the various dimensions of coil 130, as well as coils 132, and 134, such as width 268 and space 264 can be optimized using tools such as a computer program to suit differing footprint requirements and/or differing specification requirements.

FIG. 11 illustrates an additional embodiment of a balun device 270 where the various coil structures are integrated and deposited over a substrate in a single group or single configuration as shown. Here, as in FIG. 5, an unbalanced port 272 is configured as shown, and coupled to a first capacitor 274 and a second capacitor 276, which is shunted to a ground pad 280. Coils 282, 284, and 288 are deposited and configured as a single integrated group. A portion of coil 284 lies interior to coil 282. Similarly, a portion of coil 288 lies interior to coil 284.

A portion of coil 284 is left as an open circuit, terminating at location 286 as shown. A portion of coil 288 is coupled to a third capacitor 294 and a fourth capacitor 290, which are both coupled to a ground pad 296 as shown. A first output terminal pad 292 of a balanced port is coupled to capacitor 290 as shown. Similarly, a second output terminal pad 298 is coupled to capacitor 294 as shown.

Turning to FIGS. 12A and 12B, an additional, multi-layered embodiment of a coil portion 300 of a balun device is depicted. As FIG. 12A illustrates, three coupled coils 302, 304 and 306 are multi-layered and deposited over a substrate (not shown). Structures 308 are integrated into each of the coils 302, 304, 306 to connect a top layer, for example, of the coil 302 with a bottom layer of the coil 302.

Various technologies such as printed circuit board (PCB) or low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) processes can be implemented to form the layered coil structures 300, as one skilled in the art would expect. FIG. 12B illustrates the layered coil structures 300 in a second view 308.

As FIGS. 12A and 12B indicate, in one embodiment, the layering of the various coils can be configured such that a portion of coil 306 is disposed and/or oriented between a portion of a layer portion of coil 302 and a layer portion of coil 304. Here, as before, the coils can then be connected to other supporting components, such as a balanced port pads (not shown) and capacitor devices, which can also be integrated and configured to coincide with the various layer components of the coils 300. For example, the balanced port pads can be connected to the third coil between portions of the third coil, in a manner similar to that depicted in FIG. 5 or 11. A substrate (not shown), over which the coils 300 are disposed, can again include a silicon, glass, or ceramic substrate for structural support. The coil structures 300 can comprise a portion of a larger overall semiconductor device.

In addition to implementing PCB and LTCC technologies in fabrication processes for coils 300, various structural and packaging technologies such as overmolding compounds and encapsulants can be used to provide additional structural support to the orientation of coils 300, and also support additional discrete components which are integrated over the substrate. Again, various configurations and specifications for the various components can be implemented to suit a particular application. For example, the compact coils 300 can be joined to matching capacitors which have been configured in a variety of series and/or shunt configurations.

Coil structures such as coils 302, 304, and 306 in implementations combined with capacitors such as capacitors 294, connecting leads and bonding pads such as ground pad 280, which are all deposited over a substrate as previously depicted, can provide wide-band balun functionality in a dramatically decreased size and footprint. While one or more embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated in detail, the skilled artisan will appreciate that modifications and adaptations to those embodiments may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention as set forth in the following claims. 

What is claimed:
 1. A wide-band balun device, comprising: a first coil formed over a substrate in a spiral configuration extending horizontally across the substrate having a constant coil spacing and maintaining a substantially flat vertical profile; a second coil formed over the substrate and wound together with the first coil to form a nested spiral configuration adjacent to the first coil, the second coil having a constant coil spacing and being magnetically coupled to the first coil; and a third coil formed over the substrate and wound together with the first and second coils to form a nested spiral configuration adjacent to the first and second coils, the third coil having a constant coil spacing and being magnetically coupled to the first and second coils, wherein the first, second, and third coils are organized over the substrate as a group of two coil structures.
 2. The wide-band balun device of claim 1, wherein the substrate is made with silicon, glass, or ceramic material for structural support.
 3. The wide-band balun device of claim 1, wherein the first, second, and third coils include tube structures, the tube structures having a round, square, or rectangular cross-section.
 4. The wide-band balun device of claim 1, wherein the first, second, and third coils include copper or a copper alloy material.
 5. The wide-band balun device of claim 1, further including a semiconductor device containing the group of two coil structures.
 6. A balun device, comprising: a first coil formed over a substrate in a spiral configuration extending horizontally across the substrate with constant coil spacing, wherein a thickness of the first coil is greater than a skin depth of the first coil to minimize metal loss of the first coil and minimize an effect of a decline in current density with respect to the thickness of the first coil; and a second coil formed over the substrate and concentrically wound together with the first coil in a nested spiral configuration adjacent to the first coil, the second coil being magnetically coupled to the first coil, and the first and second coils being organized over the substrate as a first coil structure in a planar side by side group of two coil structures with dimensions less than 1.6 mm×1.0 mm×0.25 mm, wherein the balun device operates at a range of 0.800-6.000 GHz.
 7. The balun device of claim 6, further including a third coil formed over the substrate and concentrically wound together with the second coil, the third coil being magnetically coupled to the second coil.
 8. The balun device of claim 7, wherein the third coil is organized over the substrate as a part of the group of two coil structures.
 9. The balun device of claim 7, wherein the first, second, and third coils include copper or a copper alloy material.
 10. The balun device of claim 6, further including a semiconductor device containing the group of two coil structures.
 11. The balun device of claim 6, wherein the substrate is made with silicon, glass, or ceramic material for structural support.
 12. The balun device of claim 6, wherein the first and second coils include tubes with a rectangular cross-section or round cross-section.
 13. A balun for a semiconductor device, comprising: a first metallization formed over a substrate and patterned as a first coil extending horizontally across the substrate in a spiral configuration, wherein a thickness of the first coil is greater than a skin depth of the first coil to minimize an effect of a decline in current density with respect to the thickness of the first coil; and a second metallization formed over the substrate and patterned as a second coil wound together with the first coil in a spiral configuration, the second metallization being magnetically coupled to the first metallization, and the first and second coils being organized over the substrate as a first coil structure in a side by side group of two coil structures with dimensions less than 1.6 mm×1.0 mm×0.25 mm, wherein the balun device operates at a range of 0.800-6.000 GHz.
 14. The balun of claim 13, wherein the first and second coils have a constant coil spacing.
 15. The balun of claim 13, wherein the first and second coils include copper or a copper alloy material.
 16. The balun of claim 13, further including a third metallization formed over the substrate and patterned as a third coil adjacent to the second coil, the third metallization being magnetically coupled to the second metallization.
 17. The balun of claim 16, wherein the third metallization is organized over the substrate as a part of the group of two coil structures.
 18. The balun of claim 13, wherein the substrate is made with silicon, glass, or ceramic material for structural support.
 19. The balun of claim 13, wherein the first and second metallizations include tubes with a rectangular or round cross-section.
 20. A method of manufacturing a balun, comprising: forming a first metallization over a substrate patterned as a first coil extending horizontally across the substrate in a spiral configuration, wherein a thickness of the first coil is greater than a skin depth of the first coil; and forming a second metallization over the substrate patterned as a second coil adjacent to the first coil and extending horizontally in a spiral configuration, the second metallization being magnetically coupled to the first metallization, wherein the first and second coils are organized over the substrate as a first coil structure in a side by side group of two coil structures.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the balun has dimensions less than approximately 1.6 mm×1.0 mm×0.25 mm, and operates at less than 3 GHz.
 22. The method of claim 20, further including forming a third metallization over the substrate patterned as a third coil adjacent to the second coil, the third metallization being magnetically coupled to the second metallization.
 23. The method of claim 22, further including organizing the third metallization over the substrate as a part of the group of two coil structures.
 24. The method of claim 20, wherein the first and second coils include copper or a copper alloy material.
 25. The method of claim 20, wherein the first and second metallizations include tubes with a rectangular cross-section or round cross-section. 